Google must take down a controversial anti-Muslim video on YouTube that sparked protests across the Muslim world because keeping it on the website violates the rights of an actress who sued after she was duped into appearing in the film, a divided federal appeals court ruled Wednesday February 26th 2014.
Los Angeles Times reports:
In a 2-1 decision, the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals said a trial judge erred when he refused to grant an injunction ordering the removal of the film, “Innnocence of Muslims,” from YouTube, which is owned by Google. The film sparked worldwide violent protests.
“While answering a casting call for a low-budget amateur film doesn’t often lead to stardom, it also rarely turns an aspiring actress into the subject of a fatwa,” 9th Circuit Chief Judge Alex Kozinski wrote.
But that’s exactly what happened to Cindy Lee Garcia when she agreed to act in a film with the working title “Desert Warrior.”
“Desert Warrior” never materialized, but the performance Garcia gave was included in “Innocence of Muslims.” Garcia said her voice was dubbed over to make an anti-Muslim remark and threats on her life forced her from her home and place of business.
The 9th Circuit, which called the case difficult, said the filmmaker’s implied license to use Garcia’s performance “wasn’t so broad as to cover the use of her performance in any film.”
“Here, the problem isn’t that ‘Innocence of Muslims’ is not an Arabian adventure movie: It’s that the film isn’t intended to entertain at all,” Kozinski wrote. “The film differs so radically from anything Garcia could have imagined when she was cast that it can’t possibly be authorized by any implied license she granted.”
The court said that Mark Basseley, who also uses the names Nakoula Basseley Nakoula and Sam Bacile, wrote and produced the film and paid Garcia $500 for 3½ days of work.
“A clear sign that Youssef exceeded the bounds of any license is that he lied to Garcia in order to secure her participation, and she agreed to perform in reliance on that lie,” Kozinski wrote. “Youssef’s fraud alone is likely enough to void any agreement he had with Garcia.”
Google, in opposing an injunction, argued that it would be a prior restraint in violation of the 1st Amendment. But the court said the 1st Amendment does not protect against copyright infringement.
“The situation in which a filmmaker uses a performance in a way that exceeds the bounds of the broad implied license granted by an actor will be extraordinarily rare,” Kozinski wrote. “But this is such a case.”
